Archaeological Excavation: Pros and Cons

Archaeological Excavation: Pros and Cons Can archaeological excavation of sites not under immediate threat of development or erosion be justified morally? Explore the pros and cons of research (as opposed to rescue and salvage) excavation and non-destructive archaeological research methods using specific examples. Many people believe that archaeology and archaeologists are mainly concerned with excavation – with digging sites. This may be the common public image of archaeology, as often portrayed on television, although Rahtz (1991, 65-86) has made clear that archaeologists in fact do many things besides excavate. Drewett (1999, 76) goes further, commenting that ‘it must never be assumed that excavation is an essential part of any archaeological fieldwork’. Excavation itself is a costly and destructive research tool, destroying the object of its research forever (Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 100). Of the present day it has been noted that rather than desiring to dig every site they know about, the majority of archaeologists work within a conservation ethic that has grown up in the past few decades (Carmichael et al. 2003, 41). Given the shift to excavation taking place mostly in a rescue or salvage context where the archaeology would otherwise face destruction and the inherently destructive nature of excavation, it has become appropriate to ask whether research excavation can be morally justified. This essay will seek to answer that question in the affirmative and also explore the pros and cons of research excavation and non-destructive archaeological research methods. If the moral justification of research excavation is questionable in comparison to the excavation of threatened sites, it would seem that what makes rescue excavation morally acceptable is the fact that the site would be lost to human knowledge if it was not investigated. It seems clear from this, and seems widely accepted that excavation itself is a useful investigative technique. Renfrew and Bahn (1996, 97) suggest that excavation ‘retains its central role in fieldwork because it yields the most reliable evidence archaeologists are interested in’. Carmichael et al. (2003, 32) note that ‘excavation is the means by which we access the past’ and that it is the most basic, defining aspect of archaeology. As mentioned above, excavation is a costly and destructive process that destroys the object of its study. Bearing this in mind, it seems that it is perhaps the context in which excavation is used that has a bearing on whether or not it is morally justifiable. If the archaeology is bound to be destroyed through erosion or development then its destruction through excavation is vindicated since much data that would otherwise be lost will be created (Drewett 1999, 76). If rescue excavation is justifiable on the grounds that it prevents total loss in terms of the potential data, does this mean that research excavation is not morally justifiable because it is not simply ‘making the best use of archaeological sites that must be consumed’ (Carmichael et al. 2003, 34)? Many would disagree. Critics of research excavation may point out that the archaeology itself is a finite resource that must be preserved wherever possible for the future. The destruction of archaeological evidence through unnecessary (ie non-emergency) excavation denies the opportunity of research or enjoyment to future generations to whom we may owe a custodial duty of care (Rahtz 1991, 139). Even during the most responsible excavations where detailed records are made, 100% recording of a site is not possible, making any non-essential excavation almost a wilful destruction of evidence. These criticisms are not wholly valid though, and certainly the latter holds true during any excavation, not only research excavations, and surely during a research project there is likely to be more time available for a full recording effort than during the statutory access period of a rescue project. It is also debateable whether archaeology is a finite resource, since ‘new’ archaeology is created all the time. It seems inescapable though, that individual sites are unique and can suffer destruction but although it is more difficult and perhaps undesirable to deny that we have some responsibility to preserve this archaeology for future generations, is it not also the case that the present generations are entitled to make responsible use of it, if not to destroy it? Research excavation, best directed at answering potentially important research questions, can be done on a partial or selective basis, without disturbing or destroying a whole site, thus leaving areas for later researchers to investigate (Carmichael et al. 2003, 41). Furthermore, this can and sh ould be done in conjunction with non-invasive techniques such as aerial photography, ground, geophysical and chemical survey (Drewett 1999, 76). Continued research excavation also allows the practice and development of new techniques, without which such skills would be lost, preventing future excavation technique from being improved. An excellent example of the benefits of a combination of research excavation and non-destructive archaeological techniques is the work that has been done, despite objections, at the Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Sutton Hoo, in eastern England (Rahtz 1991 136-47; Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 98-99). Excavation originally took place on the site in 1938-39 revealing many treasures and the impression in sand of a wooden ship used for a burial, though the body was not found. The focus of these campaigns and those of the 1960s were traditional in their approach, being concerned with the opening of burial mounds, their contents, dating and identifying historical connections such as the identity of the occupants. In the 1980s a new campaign with different aims was undertaken, directed by Martin Carver. Rather than beginning and ending with excavation, a regional survey was carried out over an area of some 14ha, helping to set the site in its local context. Electronic distance measuring was used to creat e a topographical contour map prior to other work. A grass expert examined the variety of grass species on-site and identified the positions of some 200 holes dug into the site. Other environmental studies examined beetles, pollen and snails. In addition, a phosphate survey, indicative of likely areas of human occupation, corresponded with results of the surface survey. Other non-destructive tools were used such as metal detectors, used to map modern rubbish. A proton magnetometer, fluxgate gradiometer and soil resistivity were all used on a small part of the site to the east, which was later excavated. Of those techniques, resistivity proved the most informative, revealing a modern ditch and a double palisade, as well as some other features (see comparative illustrations in Renfrew and Bahn 1996, 99). Excavation later revealed features that had not been remotely detected. Resistivity has since been used on the area of the mounds while soil-sounding radar, which penetrates deeper th an resistivity, is being used on the mounds themselves. At Sutton Hoo, the techniques of geophysical survey are seen to operate as a complement to excavation, not merely a preliminary nor yet a replacement. By trialling such techniques in conjunction with excavation, their effectiveness can be gauged and new and more effective techniques developed. The results at Sutton Hoo suggest that research excavation and non-destructive methods of archaeological research remain morally justifiable. However, simply because such techniques can be applied efficiently does not mean that excavation should be the priority nor that all sites should be excavated, but such a scenario has never been a likely one due to the usual constraints such as funding. Besides, it has been noted above that there is already a trend towards conservation. Continued research excavation at famous sites such as Sutton Hoo, as Rahtz notes (1991, 140-41), is justified since it serves avowedly to develop archaeological practice itself; the physical remains, or shapes in the landscape can be and are restored to their former appearance with the bonus of being better understood, more educational and interesting; such exotic and special sites capture the imagination of the public and the media and raise the profile of archaeology as a whole. There are other sites that could prove equally good examples of morally justifiable long term research archaeology, such as Wharram Percy (for which see Rahtz 1991, 148-57). Progressing from a straightforward excavation in 1950, with the aim of showing that the earthworks represented medieval buildings, the site grew to represent much more in time, space and complexity. Techniques used expanded from excavation to include survey techniques and aerial photography to set the village into a local context. In conclusion, it can be seen that while excavation is destructive, there is a morally justifiable place for research archaeology and non-destructive archaeological techniques: excavation should not be reduced only to rescue circumstances. Research excavation projects, such as Sutton Hoo, have provided many positive aspects to the development of archaeology and knowledge of the past. While excavation should not be undertaken lightly, and non-destructive techniques should be employed in the first place, it is clear that as yet they cannot replace excavation in terms of the amount and types of data provided. Non-destructive techniques such as environmental sampling and resistivity survey have, provided significant complementary data to that which excavation provides and both should be employed. Bibliography Carmichael, D.L., Lafferty III, R.H. and Molyneaux, B.L. 2003. Excavation. Walnut Creek and Oxford: Altamira Press. Drewett, P.L. 1999. Field Archaeology: An Introduction. London: UCL Press. Rahtz, P. 1991. Invitation to Archaeology. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Renfrew, C. and Bahn, P.1996. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. 2nd edition. London: Thames Hudson.

Japanese Culture Essay

In an article written by Cristoph Mark entitled Love, ‘darling’ style for the Daily Yomiuri, he discussed the issue of having an international marriage in Japan meaning that the couples have different nationalities or cultural background. In Japan, only a small percentage engages in mixed marriages, probably because Japanese seemed more traditional and close-knit. Also, Japanese cultured tend to be more conventional and more family-oriented. Having diverse origins between a husband and a wife would entail a clash on what practices or beliefs should prevail in the household. Based on the couple that was interviewed by Cristoph who were Tony, an English social advocate and Saori, a Japanese manga artist and writer, they conceded to the idea that an international marriage causes cultural differences. However, in their case, they believe that their differences are just mere variation of preferences that are most likely influenced by their partiality over a certain belief or inclination and not by tradition or culture. But at the latter part of the article, the couple mentioned that they have been experiencing difficulty in determining the language that they would teach their son (Cristoph, 2009). This clearly shows that no matter how much people exert an effort to have tolerance and acceptance to make international marriages work, cultural difference will always be a concern. In Japan, much importance is given to the concept of family. Japanese families have continuity. From their ancient ancestors to present descendants, each member of the family is respected and their traditional practices are passed on from one generation to another. Also, the head of family always fall into the hands of the father making a Japanese family patriarchal. However, due to changing times and the occurrence urbanism and low birth rate, this traditional practice and belief is being challenged. Nowadays, contemporary Japanese are opting to prioritize their careers rather than starting a family particularly among women. For them, having a contemporary lifestyle is more convenient and practical than their traditional practices. Despite these changes, a majority of the Japanese still prefers to adhere with their traditional concept of a family. In an another article published at the Daily Yomiuri entitled Girl upset over mom marrying foreigner, it talked about the dilemma of a Japanese woman who had married a non-Japanese man without the approval of her daughter and her family after she had separated from her first husband. Because of this issue, it caused a major rift between the woman and her daughter (Daily Yomiuri, 2009). As mentioned, a typical Japanese family is close knit and very conservative. Based on Japanese culture, weddings are treated as sacred rituals that symbolize the rite of passage from one social status to another. More so, weddings can represent the transition to adulthood or a step to parenthood. Traditionally, wedding ceremonies should have family involvement. Also, it should follow several preparatory steps prior to the wedding itself. There is the seeking of parental approval and then choosing mediator, followed by betrothal gift and the scheduling the date and selecting the location for the wedding. The ceremony can either be based on Shintoism or Christianity wherein the rituals are categorized into formal and informal stages. These wedding rituals always represent a symbolical meaning that pertains to the futures roles of the couple as husband and wife. The Japanese also stresses the concept of permanence. They believe that an ideal marriage is forever and they also strongly disagree with the idea of divorce. But in the reply of the lawyer to the letter of the woman, he did not despise the actions of the woman even though she violated most of the Japanese practices on weddings. For him, international marriages are common. But in order to resolve her problems, all she needed to do is talk with her daughter. Tradition and culture does not pose a major threat anymore in finding true love or in the woman’s case financial support and the completion of their family (Daily Yomiuri, 2009). Generally, Japanese culture has remained intact for centuries. It was able to preserve its traditional beliefs and practices particularly on the concept of a family. But due to the birth of modernization, new sets of perspectives and ideas are enticing the Japanese to adapt a more contemporary way living which entails discarding or compromising their Japanese culture and tradition. References Cristoph, M. (2009, April 10). Love, ‘darling’ style. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://www. yomiuri. co. jp/dy/features/arts/20090410TDY12001. htm Daily Yomiuri. (2009, April 10). Girl upset over mom marrying foreigner. Retrieved April 17, 2009, from http://www. yomiuri. co. jp/dy/columns/advice/20090410TDY13001. htm

Important Part of Education Essay

The website www. labsafety. org offers secondary science teachers both with resources and training in enhancing and providing safety in laboratories and in the environment. It seeks to cater questions and insights surrounding effective facilitation and education in adherence to the standards given to students. The site offers supplementary areas for training, consultation, audits and design that will make each educational institution responsible and accountable in such aspects. The information provided gives important ideas surrounding implementing and adhering to specific guidelines and standards mandated. Likewise, it will encourage both educators to practice safety and responsibility in their actions. The other website www. regentsprep. org is an important guide that can help secondary science students to adapt to the current curriculum design and models towards New York State Regents requirements. It offers resource and links for examinations and procedures of handling necessary information related to the study of science. Seeing this, this site is essential in classrooms because educators can use such as a guide in building and establishing frameworks that are synchronized with standards. At the same time, it can offer students the possibility to expand and develop in areas that are deemed important in the study of secondary science. Such perspective garners the needed boost in obtaining efficient and optimum inputs from both the students and educators. Work Cited Oswego School District. Regents Exam Prep Center. 2007 accessed 19 March 2009 from The Laboratory Safety Institute. Making Health, Safety and Environment and Integral and Important Part of Education, Work and Life. 2007 accessed 19 March 2009 from

The Impact of Crime on an Individual and the Society

IMPACT OF CRIME ON INDIVIDUAL AND THE SOCIETY Transnational organized crime is regarded as one of the main threats to human security, hindering the social, economic, political and cultural expansion of societies internationally. It is a multi-faceted occurrence and has manifested itself in diverse activities, among others, drug trafficking, human trafficking; firearm deals; smuggling of migrants; money laundering; etc. particularly drug trafficking is one of the chief activities of organized crime groups, generating gigantic profits (Bakken et al 2010). Data indicates that anti narcotic budget in the United States has jumped up from $9.7 billion in the 90s to around$18 billion in year 2000. Moreover, The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) field agent has increased from 3,191 in 1990 to 4,561 in 2000. Despite these increase in DEA agent the number of drug abusers in the United States has boosted from 5.8% in early 90s to around 6.7% in the 1998. Approximately around 15 million of the US total population was abusing drugs in various ways in 1999. Among these 15 million around 200,000 were roughly using heroin which estimates to more than thrice the numbers in 1993 which was around 68,000 (Massing, 2000). In spite of the al the efforts being made by the law enforcement agencies against drug traffickers the numbers of drug abusers in the United States has risen tremendously in the last ten years (Bakken et al 2010). Cybercrimes committed against people consists of aShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 PagesIn order for the Criminal Justice System to effectively deter crime, it is imperative to understand what causes crime, understand why crime exists and why offenders engage in criminal behaviour. In the 18th century criminologists such as Jeremy Bentham, Cesare Bonesana-Beccaria and Cesare Lombroso all established criminological theories, in an attempt to achieve this goal. The most influential theories are known as the Classical and Positivist perspectives. Both of these theories have had a long-termRead MoreEvaluating and Refining Solutions: Hate crimes can be described as criminal activities that are1000 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluating and Refining Solutions: Hate crimes can be described as criminal activities that are perceived to be fueled by prejudice against and hostility towards the victim based on an individual characteristic. In most cases, hate crimes are motivated by gender, disability, sexual orientation, race, identity, and religion or faith. The increase in hate crimes in the recent past has not only made it a major issue that needs to be addressed in the modern society but has also attracted several legislativeRead MoreThe Major Theories Of Criminal Behavior And The Impact Of Crime On Victims And Society1580 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour Describing and Evaluating the Major Theories of Cause of Criminal Behaviour and the Impact of Crime on Victims and Society London Foundation campus 1. Introduction Akers Sellers (2013) noted that there are various common theories that are pertinent to the study of crime as the extents of crime explanations range from the genetic/biological through to the economic and social perspective. Howitt (2012) divided these theories into fourRead MoreCriminology Rational Choice Theory1683 Words   |  7 PagesName Instructor Course Date Essay Questions Question 1 At the core of criminology, there is a belief that a criminal decides to commit a crime after weighing the benefits and disadvantages of engaging. In such a case, the decision to commit the crime is a rational one, and the best way to counter it is through a deterrence-based system. The rational choice theory assumes that humans are self-centered and the actions they undertake determine the consequences they incur. The position of rationalityRead MoreHow Cybercrime Is A Crime1016 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Cybercrime is a crime used to for the most part characterize criminal movement in which several computer systems are an instrument, an objective, or a position of criminal action and incorporate everything from electronic splitting to foreswearing of service assaults. It is additionally used to comprise customary crimes in which PCs or systems are utilized to empower the illegal movement. The Cybercrime can stop any railroad where it will be, it might deceive the planes on its flightRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Its Effects On Society Essay734 Words   |  3 Pages1939, American sociologist Edwin Sutherland introduced the phrase â€Å"white-collar crime†. White-collar crime is a nonviolent crime committed by a business or large corporations. They are usually scams or frauds to gain wealth in society. The people who are guilty of this crime lie, cheat and steal from investors of their company or business. Even though these crimes are non-violent, they have major impacts on the society. Their companies become non existent and families get destroyed. All of theirRead MoreTo what extent does the law balance out the rights of the victims, offenders and society in the criminal investigation process?1005 Words   |  5 Pagesthe law balance out the rights of the victims, offenders and society in the criminal investigation process? The role of the criminal investigation process is to balance the rights of the victims and offenders in society. All individuals’ wether victim, offender or member of society have basic rights to which the law attempts to adhere to. While all are individual, the rights will differ for the purpose of maintaining a balance in society. Though upholding the rights of the people is essential inRead MoreThe Victim Of The Criminal Justice System1622 Words   |  7 PagesFirst before I start, it is important to know who is defined as a victim of crime. A victim of crime is a person who is harmed due to a criminal offence, like suffering physical or emotional harm, property damage, or economic loss as a result of a crime (Branch, L. S., 2017). Also can be a spouse, conjugal partner, relative of, or a person responsible for a victim who has passed away or is not capable to act or ‘preform’ for themselves for example a victim of child. As well as the person who harmedRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system  is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued whichRead MoreDurkheim s Theory Of Anomie1530 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance of a sense of belonging in modern society. This exploration will be used in explanation of the causes of the modern phenomenon of youth joining gangs. Firstly, the work and focuses of Durkheim will be introduced. Secondly, his concept of anomie and relevant surrounding theories will be defined and explained. Thirdly, the impacts of anomie will be discussed. Next, anomie will be related to the sense of belonging in modern society by t he impacts with and without it. Lastly, the findings of

Why Opt for a Masters In Business Administration 2019

Earning a MBA degree is an intelligent decision. You may have a specialization in business at an undergraduate level or you had pursued liberal arts degree. A degree in business administration is not a waste of time. Why? Because there is always a demand for MBA degree holders. All business at one point or other need professional help and they prefer to have a professional around. Starting from open air markets to the latest modern day shopping malls, a movie theatre to the multiplex cinemas, trade and commerce is as old as human beings themselves. Opportunities in other fields come and go, but opportunities for an MBA degree holder is always there. In the metros, small businesses and medium size businesses open and close constantly. It is the accounting and marketing strategy of an organization which keeps it open and expanding. If you have your own business, it means you have to work harder to keep it alive and growing. You need to possess more marketing and promotion know-how, a keen interest and in-depth knowledge of accounting, and shrewd business acumen. .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6:active, .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u5fb250eb4044560e9b5a10f9fc682cf6:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Arizona Colleges and Universities Pursing Advanced Education in 'The Grand Canyon State'If you dont have an interest in owning a business, you can still be an advisor, a consultant, a manager with an organization. Business degrees help the creative individuals and offer them an opportunity to succeed in the American commercial world. Earning a master degree in business management and administration has positive results. Earning an MBA degree is not an easy task. You will require a lot of time, dedication, and funds. If you have the above mentioned traits and are committed to upgrading yourself in every aspect of life, it is a course which leads to very rewarding career. An MBA is an excellent option. It is also an exceptionally popular course for various schools to incorporate in their various alternative learning programs such as Distance learning, Telecommuting, Online education and Part-time programs. Almost all universities, whether campus-based or online, have appreciated the need and the consequent demand for MBA courses. .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414:active, .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u69a45aa9403b03d407a7ab348b17f414:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ What You Need to Know About Technology CareersThere are limitless opportunities in the field of education, and with a MBA added to your resume, will increase your chances dramatically to break into American corporate world. Related ArticlesGraduate StudiesA Multi-Purpose Degree Bachelors in BusinessOutsourcing Your Human Resources DepartmentEarning a Masters Degrees in Computer Science OnlineGetting Started With a Career in BusinessA Crash Course in Business Administration

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay - 1063 Words

In The Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin recounts the many paramount experiences throughout his life that shaped him into great American figure he was known to be. On the opening page, Franklin reveals the book’s epistolary format by writing, â€Å"Dear Son,† going on to admit that he’s made some mistakes in the past and to recollect that past is a way to relive it. By divulging his desire to â€Å"change some sinister Accidents Events† (Franklin 3) the author indicates how important it is for his son to observe as he amends his mistakes. Pride, virtue and vanity play a pivotal role in Benjamin Franklin’s life and the way he portrays himself to others. Instances occur where the author is shown gloating about his great accomplishments and he puts†¦show more content†¦Mather’s essays with emphasizing his enjoyment while reading Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan. Fascinatingly enough, the story depicts the Average Joe’s ep ic journey to release his feeling of torture over his sins. The author’s choice to include Pilgrim’s Progress in his list of influential texts is an obvious hyper textual parallel to Franklin’s own journey to absolve himself of his sins. Most people attempt to amend their mistakes soon after they occur, yet Benjamin Franklin differs in his great desire relive his life through The Autobiography in an effort to rectify past missteps. In Part 2, Franklin tells his son of his Quaker friend who questioned the author’s humility and suggests an addition to his list of virtues. Franklin, then a quasi-scientist of virtue, made a point of illustrating charts that mapped his progress in â€Å"acquir[ing] the Habitude of all these Virtues† (81). This Quaker insinuates that Franklin is too proud, which shakes the author’s hubris enough to inspire him to prove the Quaker wrong. After a mediocre effort to achieve Humility, which he could not â€Å"boast o f much Success† (89), Franklin concludes that there is no harder human trait to suppress than Pride and it will inevitably show itself. Even though Benjamin’s willpower is portrayed with great strength, he chooses to acknowledge Pride’s role in his life and accept defeat in his attempt to practice total Humility. His choice to acknowledge prideShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin’s life made a huge impact on the history of America. He also was an influence for many citizens. Since Franklin lived during the eighteenth century, a period of growth for America, he also played a part in the political founding of the United States. To help future generations, Franklin wrote an autobiography of his life. An autobiography is a piece of literature about someone’s own life. He separates his into four parts, each one depictingRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1367 Words   |  6 PagesPrater 23 November 2014 Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is a detailed account of the illustrious experiences of Benjamin Franklin. Though the cultural differences in writing has changed since the 18th century one can learn a lot about one of America’s greatest forefathers through this book. It accounts for Franklin’s life when he was born January 17th, 1706 till the year 1757. Unfortunately, he died in 1790 and was never able to finish his autobiography. However, the book thoroughlyRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin529 Words   |  3 PagesThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin has many things, but maybe more than anything else about Benjamin Franklin it explains about him being a politician, and there is no more reason to look out for an unbiased autobiography from Franklin than from any other politician. This Franklin is a persona, a conscious literary creation bestowed for our contention One of Franklin’s virtues is humbleness, and his humbl eness comes out in the form of his book. His narrative is extremelyRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1263 Words   |  6 Pagesnarratives. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is one of the most famous examples of this type of writing. Franklin’s was a narrative written to the general public, in order to share his life accomplishments and stories. Contrary to this, Spark Notes analysists say that â€Å"Many literary critics have often thought of Franklin’s Autobiography as a prototypical revenge narrative.† The supposed reason is that Franklin rises above others who were once superior to him. The autobiography, however, isRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1966 Words   |  8 PagesThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Franklin and Blaine McCormick we got a wonderful look into the life of Benjamin Franklin. In his story he taught use a lot about the world of business and how to run a successful business. In this essa y I will be talking about some of the few things Ben Franklin said that really stood out to me and what I think they meant. Then, I will talk about his inventions and how those inventions had evolved today. Then, I will talk about Ben Franklin 13 secretsRead MoreThe Autobiography By Benjamin Franklin1952 Words   |  8 PagesThe Autobiography In the autobiographical essay aptly entitled â€Å"The Autobiography† (1791) Benjamin Franklin, a writer, renowned inventor, and American founding father confides that he had made attempts in his youth at emulating Perfection through the apprehension and application of 13 traits: Temperance,Silence, Order, Resolution, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity, Justice, Moderation, Cleanliness, Tranquility, Chastity, and Humility. Enunciating his ideas by checking the aforementioned traits off theRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin Analysis781 Words   |  4 PagesLater adding to it, contributing his life’s story to a historical documentation. Written in a specific style, Benjamin Franklin’s memoir, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, is a narrative of his life. Incorporating strict fact and events, expository writing, excludes the author’s opinion of the subject matter. This is unmistakably not the case in â€Å"The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin† because he writes his contemplations, especially his past experiences, rather than just revealing the eventsRead MoreEssay Benjamin Franklin Autobiography827 Words   |  4 PagesHumility to acknowledge, that I owe the mentiond Happiness of my past Life to his kind Providence, which led me to the Means I usd and gave them Success.† (Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 28) I chose this quote to open this essay because it’s one of the first things Franklin talks about when he takes over in his autobiography. It shows that he has a relationship with god because he gives god the credit for all of the things he had accomplished. Throughout his biography he mentionsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Autobiography Of Benjamin Franklin1774 Words   |  8 PagesAt the beginning of the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, it seems to become unclear to the reader if they are, in fact, reading about his life. The man we hear about today is the widely successful social businessman of the 18th century, so it comes as a surprise to hear that at the start of his life he was a bit impoverished. With further reading comes the understanding that he had to work arduously to get where he was. This is because during the 1700’s, only people of great affluence were a partRead MoreThe American Dream in The Great Gatsby and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin1918 Words   |  8 Pageschallenges the core values and ideals that Benjamin Franklin expresses in his Autobiography. In the provided passage, the young Franklin arrives in Philadelphia in hopes of becoming a new self-made man and begins his journey with little money and few resources much like Gatsby. After arriving by boat, he tries to pay the people of the boat for his voyage but his payment is initially refused because he rowed the boat in order to get to Philadelphia. Franklin insists that they take his payment and says

Importance of Implementation of Change Management-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Challenges facing in the field of Organizational Change Management. Answer: Introduction and Background The purpose of organizational Change management is to provide a definite Framework that needs to be followed in order to implement new protocol within the workplace. Changes in the organizational structure and culture are few common events within corporate sector. The main purpose of organizational Change management is to deal with the human resources during the process of implementing new organizational protocol. With the evolving rate of global economy, it is highly essential to modify the workplace pattern that will help in the purpose of business sustainability. The current study will analyze the existing literature that highlights upon the theories and frameworks that are used for the purpose of successful implementation of change management. The existing theories will also be critically evaluated that will to identify the gaps of the current research work. This will therefore help to highlight upon the points for the future research work. Literature Review One of the major challenges that are encountered by the modern day corporate world is to implement the change management in the practice. All the organizations therefore need to grapple with the practices of change management that are implemented by the process of conventional models. According to Valipour et al. (2017), one of the essential process of the change management is to ensure that the initiate for the same is taken from the top most levels of management. This will help to induce the urgency that needs to be developed along with the workers at every levelwithin the organization. In the given context, it is essential to deal with the issues related to communication in the work place, which according to Van der Voet (2014), is one of the best management tools that are required for the purpose of change management. It will therefore be possible to implement the change centric mind set of the workers that is an important motivational factor within the given situation. Cummings et al. (2016), have mentioned about the Kurt Lewins change management model that are implemented in three step process. This is one of the fundamental approaches of change management that is being implemented to bring about change within the psychology of the workers. This is one of the most important approaches, where in the initial stage of unfreezing, the organization attempts to bring about changes within the mental setup and thinking process of the stakeholders. The primary activity that are Implemented within state is to ensure that all the employees understand the importance of employment exchange under the given circumstances. It is also important to ensure that all the employees get proper benefit and change process are being implemented. For example, with change process being implemented it will help in the path of career development of every employee. The following step involves the actual change processthat is implemented in fact to deal with the existing situation. As the stakeholders get proper information, in the initial stage it will easily be possible for them to get accustomed with the change practice. Hossan (2015), has highlighted up on the importance of leadership within organization that determine the quality of change control process. The findings of Bartunek and Woodman (2015), has highlighted upon the application of advanced communication tool which includes, internal social media software that can help in the process providing company information and guidelines related to the Change management process. Every organization need to hardware internal intranet software that can help in the process of maintaining communication within the system. The IT and operation department of the organization has to play significant role in the deciding upon the effective communication that will be used within the internal and externa l stakeholders for passing essential information related to change Management process. Hanafizadeh and Ravasan (2011), have highlighted as change process are being initiated and successfully implemented the organization get back to its normal stage as the overall turbulence period of Change management is over. This is called the stage of refreeze as most of the employees are able to adjust themselves with the change management. In the given stage, it is also essential to ensure that the employees are able to feel the importance of implementing the change management plan. It is therefore essential to monitor and evaluate the actual outcome of the organizational change management process. The initial objectives need to be measured in the terms of progress that occurs within the life stage of each employee. One of the major purposes of implementing Change management is to ensure that there is essential sustainability within the business. The organizational change for corporate sustainability can help to ensure that there are enough changes that are being implemented in practice. In the year 1980 the McKinsey Company implemented the 7S frameworks that are aimed to implement corporate sustainability in business. According to Singh (2013), the main purpose of the McKinseys 7S model is to improve the quality of the human resource by enhancing the skills of the worker. This is can be achieved by incorporating the elements ofmultidisciplinary action within the employees that will even include the elements of multiple corporate cultural communication. Following are the seven stages of model: Strategy: The initial strategy is determined depending upon the organizational goal that is needed to gainsignificant competitive advantage. This initial stage involves the process of future planning that is needed to improve upon the working and communication skill within the employees. It is however essential to ensure that the planning process is implemented in step by step pathways that are needed to overcome the initial challenges of the organizational change management process. Structure: The second element constitutes the structural changes that can occur with the process of change management. It is therefore essential to ensure that all the employees understand your new role within the organization as changed is being implemented. System: This will help to ensure that most of the important planning is implemented on the everyday basis. Each stage of the cycle has to be monitored. Shared values: It is important to ensure that the organizational values are being shared with all the stakeholders. This is also one of the important matters to note that with improved shared values ensure that the importance of change management isrealized among all groups Style: The style of leadership also has to be enhanced and modified that will improve upon the values of sustainability within the organization. Essential information is to be provided within the employees that can improve the organizational values. Staff:The workforce within an organization is the major elements of change and the success rate of the change management is dependent upon the capability and skills of the employees. It is therefore essential to incorporate the elements of multidiscipline within the employees. Skills: As mentioned earlier, the level of competency decides upon the level of skills within the employees. The effective levels of implementing change will depend upon the ability to understand the significance of change. All the success rate of the above mentioned change management theory is dependent upon the ability to implement the communication networking theory (Binder 2016). The Bridges Transition model is popularly used during organisational Change management that helps to deal with them emotional issues encountered by the employees during the time of transition (Doppelt 2017). Primary stage of the model deal with the emotional issues that are encountered during the period of transition which includes,fear anxiety and stress. This is mainly due to the uncertainty associated with change implementation within an organisation. Cameron and Green (2015), have emphasized that it is essential to accept the emotional turbulence that occur during transition period, which is the major form of resistance in organisational Change management. Proper form of motivation with effective leadership qualities is the basic skills that can be implemented by the management to deal with this type of resistance. The second stage of the model is called the neutral zone, where the employees feel demotivated and sceptic due to lower level of performance within the new organisatio nal system. Collectingproper feedback from the employees about the issues they are facing while implementing the change process is essential for the management to understand the emotional issues at personal level. The third and final stage of this model includes the new beginning stage, where the employee or fully able to accept the change and understand its importance. As the employee is able to development skills during this period,it is possible for them to overcome all type of emotional and psychological challenges that was previously considered as resistance of organisational Change management. It will therefore be possible to achieve sustainability within the workplace, by incorporating the element of multidisciplinary skills within the employees. Critique of Literature The previous section has successfully discussed about the essential theoretical framework that are implicated in practice to deal with the challenge of organisational Change management. Most of the information has been added from the existing literature, which has discussed about the characteristics of theoretical models related to change management plan. It can be effectively said that all the existing theories related to organisational Change management mainly focuses upon the issues faced by the employees while they are going through the transition period. The existing literature has effectively described all forms of emotional and mental challenges that are encountered by the employees, which are also considered as measure resistance during the transition period. The Bridges Transition model can be mentioned in the given context, and the strength of the same is considered the fact related tounderstanding the issues faced by every employee at their personal level. As mentioned by Balla et al. (2016), with the implementation of this model it is effectively possible to improve the communication skills of the employees. It is also possible to collect essential information about the performance level of every employees, as the management focus of the matter of collecting essential feedbacks. Multidisciplinary nature of the Human Resource Department can also be enhanced,as they are directly able to communicate and approach with employee issues. It is also important to consider the fact that, human resource manager at able to deal with issue of cultural diversity or in other words different type of problems and countered multicultural people within an organisation during the change period can easily be identified. On the other hand Hornstein (2015), have argued with the fact that with the implementation of bridges transition model there is high risk as thefocus of the management may shift from the actual managerial issues that are encountered in Change management process as they are focused on emotional problems faced by the employees. High amount of time that needs to be invested is also one of the major drawbacks of this model as the organisation aims to focus upon the need of every employee at personal level. The major strength of the McKinsey 7S is the fact that it helps to emphasize upon the organisational strategy which can vary depending upon Vision and Mission of every business firm while they are implementing change. As over of structural changes been imposed with the help of this model,it is possible for the employees to get the guidance of innovative and advanced form of leadership, which can help them to maintain sustainability. Benn et al. (2014), have added that with the implementation of this model it is also possible to improve the level of coordination between various departments within an organisation. However the major limitation is due to the fact that less focus is given to understand the gaps that exist within the current Change management plan. Moreover the 7S is also regarded as one of them static model in organisational Change management;and there is less chance of modifying the same in order to fit with organisational needs. De Massis et al. (2018), have argued about implementation process of applying lewin's Change management model as it do not consider every level of human resource management issues that can be encountered during the transition period. In spite of the fact that the element of the lewin's Change management model helps to mentally prepare the employee for accepting the new organisational system, it do not focus upon providing accurate information to the Employees. References Balla, E., Reiche, S. and Kohnke, O., 2016. Organizational Change Management. In A Handbook of Business Transformation Management Methodology (pp. 197-226). Routledge. Bartunek, J.M. and Woodman, R.W., 2015. Beyond Lewin: Toward a temporal approximation of organization development and change. Benn, S., Edwards, M. and Williams, T., 2014. Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Binder, J., 2016. Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders. Routledge. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Cummings, S., Bridgman, T. and Brown, K.G., 2016. Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewins legacy for change management. human relations, 69(1), pp.33-60. De Massis, A., Wang, H. and Chua, J.H., 2018. Counterpoint: How heterogeneity among family firms influences organizational change. Journal of Change Management, pp.1-8. Doppelt, B., 2017. Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Hanafizadeh, P. and Ravasan, A.Z., 2011. A McKinsey 7S model-based framework for ERP readiness assessment. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems (IJEIS), 7(4), pp.23-63. Hornstein, H.A., 2015. The integration of project management and organizational change management is now a necessity. International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), pp.291-298. Hossan, C., 2015. Applicability of Lewins change management theory in Australian local government. International Journal of business and Management, 10(6), p.53. Singh, A., 2013. A study of role of McKinsey's 7S framework in achieving organizational excellence. Organization Development Journal, 31(3), p.39. Valipour, M., Sefidkouhi, M.A.G. and Raeini, M., 2017. Selecting the best model to estimate potential evapotranspiration with respect to climate change and magnitudes of extreme events. Agricultural Water Management, 180, pp.50-60. Van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure. European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.373-382